@article {161, title = {Carborane-thiol protected copper nanoclusters: Stimuli-responsive materials with tunable phosphorescence}, journal = {Chemical Science}, volume = {14}, year = {2023}, month = {12/2023}, pages = {1613-1626}, type = {Article}, chapter = {1613}, abstract = {

Atomically precise nanomaterials with tunable solid-state luminescence attract global interest. In this work, we present a new class of thermally stable isostructural tetranuclear copper nanoclusters (NCs), shortly Cu4@oCBT, Cu4@mCBT and Cu4@ICBT, protected by nearly isomeric carborane thiols: ortho-carborane-9-thiol, meta-carborane-9-thiol and ortho-carborane 12-iodo 9-thiol, respectively. They have a square planar Cu4 core and a butterfly-shaped Cu4S4 staple, which is appended with four respective carboranes. For Cu4@ICBT, strain generated by the bulky iodine substituents on the carboranes makes the Cu4S4 staple flatter in comparison to other clusters. High-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HR ESI-MS) and collision energy-dependent fragmentation, along with other spectroscopic and microscopic studies confirm their molecular structure. Although none of these clusters show any visible luminescence in solution, bright μs-long phosphorescence is observed in their crystalline forms. The Cu4@oCBT and Cu4@mCBT NCs are green emitting with quantum yields (Ф) of 81 and 59 \%, respectively, whereas Cu4@ICBT is orange emitting with a Φ of 18 \%. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal the nature of their respective electronic transitions. The green luminescence of Cu4@oCBT and Cu4@mCBT clusters get shifted to yellow after mechanical grinding, but it is regenerated after exposure to solvent vapour, whereas the orange emission of Cu4@ICBT is not affected by mechanical grinding. Structurally flatten Cu4@ICBT didn{\textquoteright}t show mechonoresponsive luminescence in contrast to other clusters, having bent Cu4S4 structures. Cu4@oCBT and Cu4@mCBT are thermally stable up to 400 {\textdegree}C. The Cu4@oCBT retained green emission even upon heating to 200 {\textdegree}C under ambient conditions, while Cu4@mCBT changed from green to yellow in the same window. This is the first report on structurally flexible carborane thiol appended Cu4 NCs having stimuli-responsive tunable solid-state phosphorescence.

}, keywords = {boron, Cluster, Copper, Cu4L4, Phosphorescence, Responsive}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1039/D2SC06578A}, url = {https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2023/sc/d2sc06578a}, author = {Arijit Jana and Madhuri Jash and Wakeel Ahmed Dar and Jayoti Roy and Papri Chakraborty and Paramasivam Ganesan and Sergei Lebedkin and Kaplan Kirakci and Sujan Manna and P. K. Sudhadevi Antharjanam and Jan Machacek and Monika Kucerakova and Sundargopal Ghosh and Kamil Lang and Manfred Kappes and Tomas Base and T. Pradeep} } @article {162, title = {A Luminescent Cu4 Cluster Film Grown by Electrospray Deposition: A Nitroaromatic Vapour Sensor}, journal = {Nanoscale}, year = {2023}, type = {Communication}, abstract = {

We present the fabrication and use of a film of carborane-thiol protected tetranuclear copper cluster with characteristic orange luminescence using ambient electrospray deposition (ESD). Charged microdroplets of the clusters produced by an electrospray tip deposit clusters at an air-water interface to form a film. Different microscopic and spectroscopic techniques characterized the porous surface structure of the film. Visible and rapid quenching of the emission of the film upon exposure to 2-nitrotoluene (2-NT) vapours at ambient condition was observed. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations established the favourable binding sites of 2-NT with the cluster. Desorption of 2-NT upon heating recovered the original luminescence, demonstrating the reusability of the sensor. Stable emission upon exposure to different organic solvents and quenching of it upon the exposure to 2, 4-dinitrotoluene and picric acid showed selectivity of the film to nitroaromatic species.

}, keywords = {carborane, Copper, luminescence, nanocluster, nitro organic, sensor}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1039/D3NR00416C}, url = {https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2023/nr/d3nr00416c}, author = {Arijit Jana and B K Spoorthi and Akhil S Nair and Biswarup Pathak and Tomas Base and Thalappil Pradeep} } @article {158, title = {Carboranethiol-Protected Propeller-Shaped Photoresponsive Silver Nanomolecule}, journal = {Inorganic Chemistry}, volume = {61}, year = {2022}, month = {May 27, 2022}, pages = {8593-8603}, type = {Article}, chapter = {8593}, abstract = {

We report the synthesis, structural characterization, and photophysical properties of a propeller-shaped Ag21 nano-molecule with six rotary arms, protected with m-carborane-9-thiol (MCT) and triphenylphosphine (TPP) ligands. Structural analysis reveals that the nanomolecule has an Ag13 central icosahedral core with six directly connected silver atoms and two more silver atoms connected through three Ag-S-Ag bridging motifs. While 12 MCT ligands protect the core through metal-thiolate bonds in a 3-6-3-layered fashion, two TPP ligands solely protect the two bridging silver atoms. Interestingly, the rotational orientation of a silver sulfide staple motif is opposite to the orientation of carborane ligands, resembling the existence of a bidirectional rotational orientation in the nanomolecule. Careful analysis reveals that the orientation of carborane ligands on the cluster{\textquoteright}s surface resembles an assembly of double rotors. The zero circular dichroism signal indicates its achiral nature in solution. There are multiple absorption peaks in its UV-vis absorption spectrum, characteristic of a quantized electronic structure. The spectrum appears as a fingerprint for the cluster. High-resolution electrospray ionization
mass spectrometry proves the structure and composition of the nanocluster in solution, and systematic fragmentation of the molecular ion starts with the loss of surface-bound ligands with increasing collision energy. Its multiple optical absorption features are in good agreement with the theoretically calculated spectrum. The cluster shows a narrow near-IR emission at 814 nm with a Stokes shift of 355 nm. The Ag21 nanomolecule is thermally stable at ambient conditions up to 100 {\textdegree}C. However, white-light illumination (lamp power = 120-160 W) shows photosensitivity, and this induces structural distortion, as confirmed by changes in the Raman and electronic absorption spectra. Femtosecond and nanosecond transient absorption studies reveal an exceptionally stable excited state having a lifetime of 3.26 {\textpm} 0.02 μs for the carriers, spread over a broad wavelength region of 500-650 nm. The formation of core-centered long-lived carriers in the excited state is responsible for the observed light-activated structural distortion.

}, keywords = {Ag21, boron, carborane, clusters, double rotor, luminescence, silver, thiol}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c00186}, url = {https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c00186}, author = {Arijit Jana and Parvathy M Unnikrishnan and Ajay K Poonia and Jayoti Roy and Madhuri Jash and Ganesan Paramasivam and Jan Machacek and Kumaran Nair Valsala Devi Adarsh and Tomas Base and Thalappil Pradeep} } @article {157, title = {Light-Activated Intercluster Conversion of an Atomically Precise Silver Nanocluster}, journal = {ACS Nano}, volume = {15}, year = {2021}, pages = {15781-15793}, type = {Full Article}, abstract = {

Noble metal nanoclusters protected with carboranes, a 12-vertex, nearly icosahedral boron{\textendash}carbon framework system, have received immense attention due to their different physicochemical properties. We have synthesized ortho-carborane-1,2-dithiol (CBDT) and triphenylphosphine (TPP) coprotected [Ag42(CBDT)15(TPP)4]2{\textendash} (shortly Ag42) using a ligand-exchange induced structural transformation reaction starting from [Ag18H16(TPP)10]2+ (shortly Ag18). The formation of Ag42 was confirmed using UV{\textendash}vis absorption spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, and multinuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Multiple UV{\textendash}vis optical absorption features, which exhibit characteristic patterns, confirmed its molecular nature. Ag42 is the highest nuclearity silver nanocluster protected with carboranes reported so far. Although these clusters are thermally stable up to 200 {\textdegree}C in their solid state, light-irradiation of its solutions in dichloromethane results in its structural conversion to [Ag14(CBDT)6(TPP)6] (shortly Ag14). Single crystal X-ray diffraction of Ag14 exhibits Ag8{\textendash}Ag6 core{\textendash}shell structure of this nanocluster. Other spectroscopic and microscopic studies also confirm the formation of Ag14. Time-dependent mass spectrometry revealed that this light-activated intercluster conversion went through two sets of intermediate clusters. The first set of intermediates, [Ag37(CBDT)12(TPP)4]3{\textendash} and [Ag35(CBDT)8(TPP)4]2{\textendash} were formed after 8 h of light irradiation, and the second set comprised of [Ag30(CBDT)8(TPP)4]2{\textendash}, [Ag26(CBDT)11(TPP)4]2{\textendash}, and [Ag26(CBDT)7(TPP)7]2{\textendash} were formed after 16 h of irradiation. After 24 h, the conversion to Ag14 was complete. Density functional theory calculations reveal that the kernel-centered excited state molecular orbitals of Ag42 are responsible for light-activated transformation. Interestingly, Ag42 showed near-infrared emission at 980 nm (1.26 eV) with a lifetime of \>1.5 μs, indicating phosphorescence, while Ag14 shows red luminescence at 626 nm (1.98 eV) with a lifetime of 550 ps, indicating fluorescence. Femtosecond and nanosecond transient absorption showed the transitions between their electronic energy levels and associated carrier dynamics. Formation of the stable excited states of Ag42 is shown to be responsible for the core transformation.

}, keywords = {carboranes silver nanoclusters intercluster conversion near-infrared emission luminescence ultrafast electron dynamics}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.1c02602}, url = {https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acsnano.1c02602}, author = {Arijit Jana and Madhuri Jash and Ajay Kumar Poonia and Ganesan Paramasivam and Md Rabiul Islam and Papri Chakraborty and Sudhadevi Antharjanam and Jan Machacek and Sundargopal Ghosh and Kumaran Nair Valsala Devi Adarsh and Tomas Base and Thalappil Pradeep} } @article {160, title = {Carborane-thiol protected copper nanoclusters: Stimuli-responsive materials with tunable phosphorescence }, journal = {Chemical Science}, abstract = {

Atomically precise nanomaterials with tunable solid-state luminescence attract global interest. In this work, we present a new class of thermally stable isostructural tetranuclear copper nanoclusters (NCs), shortly Cu4@oCBT, Cu4@mCBT and Cu4@ICBT, protected by nearly isomeric carborane thiols: ortho-carborane-9-thiol, meta-carborane-9-thiol and ortho-carborane 12-iodo 9-thiol, respectively. They have a square planar Cu4 core and a butterfly-shaped Cu4S4 staple, which is appended with four respective carboranes. For Cu4@ICBT, strain generated by the bulky iodine substituents on the carboranes makes the Cu4S4 staple flatter in comparison to other clusters. High-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HR ESI-MS) and collision energy-dependent fragmentation, along with other spectroscopic and microscopic studies confirm their molecular structure. Although none of these clusters show any visible luminescence in solution, bright μs-long phosphorescence is observed in their crystalline forms. The Cu4@oCBT and Cu4@mCBT NCs are green emitting with quantum yields (Ф) of 81 and 59 \%, respectively, whereas Cu4@ICBT is orange emitting with a Φ of 18 \%. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal the nature of their respective electronic transitions. The green luminescence of Cu4@oCBT and Cu4@mCBT clusters get shifted to yellow after mechanical grinding, but it is regenerated after exposure to solvent vapour, whereas the orange emission of Cu4@ICBT is not affected by mechanical grinding. Structurally flatten Cu4@ICBT didn{\textquoteright}t show mechonoresponsive luminescence in contrast to other clusters, having bent Cu4S4 structures. Cu4@oCBT and Cu4@mCBT are thermally stable up to 400 {\textdegree}C. The Cu4@oCBT retained green emission even upon heating to 200 {\textdegree}C under ambient conditions, while Cu4@mCBT changed from green to yellow in the same window. This is the first report on structurally flexible carborane thiol appended Cu4 NCs having stimuli-responsive tunable solid-state phosphorescence.

}, keywords = {boron, carborane, Cluster, Copper, Phosphorescence, Responsive, thiol}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1039/D2SC06578A}, url = {https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2023/sc/d2sc06578a}, author = {Arijit Jana and Madhuri Jash and Wakeel A Dar and Jayoti Roy and Papri Chakraborty and Paramasivam Ganesan and Sergei Lebedkin and Kaplan Kirakci and Sujan Manna and P. K. Sudhadevi Antharjanam and Jan Machacek and Monika Kucerakova and Sundargopal Ghosh and Kamil Lang and Manfred Kappes and Tomas Base and T. Pradeep} }